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CHIME/FRBPublic data

Catalog 1
The first survey year.

The first CHIME/FRB catalog: positions, exposure, fluence thresholds, dispersion and burst properties for the bursts detected in the survey’s first year, including repeat bursts.

Catalog data536 bursts · 600 rows

Click a column name to sort. Click a burst name to see its details and plots.

degrees
degrees
 
pc cm⁻³
Jy ms
FRB 20180725A—93.42067.07033.2715.80930.002954.102.30
FRB 20180727A—197.72026.42012.2642.13400.002952.310.76
FRB 20180729A—199.40055.580206.6109.59420.0009817.0010.00
FRB 20180729B—89.93056.50022.0317.22350.001971.200.74
FRB 20180730A—57.39087.19089.8848.90410.0049227.0012.00
FRB 20180801A—322.53072.72040.9655.72800.009837.904.80
FRB 20180806A—228.56075.62014.4739.94820.002957.606.60
FRB 20180810A—101.47034.86016.5414.88040.001971.701.00
FRB 20180810B—180.41083.14055.1169.13850.000987.902.10
FRB 20180812A—19.33080.78020.5802.45100.007865.402.80
FRB 20180814Bsub 1—238.26074.02024.4238.34740.0059010.608.30
FRB 20180814Bsub 2—238.26074.02024.4238.34740.0059010.608.30
FRB 20180817A—233.20042.20065.11006.77140.0176929.0016.00
FRB 20180904A—286.58081.22074.6361.13740.001976.003.40
FRB 20180906A—141.48014.29010.9383.45600.000982.701.50
FRB 20180906B—185.75056.42017.93038.05800.005901.500.88
FRB 20180907D—328.95089.22013.81447.09800.005904.902.30
FRB 20180907A—320.87029.46025.4877.24000.005902.801.40
FRB 20180907B—4.49019.17019.3658.18990.002952.901.60
FRB 20180907C—41.72077.07017.1638.19990.001971.480.69
FRB 20180907E—167.88047.09020.3383.36000.011806.903.70
FRB 20180909A—123.63056.76013.9408.64700.019661.020.41
FRB 20180910A—352.77088.21050.4684.40810.000985.603.00
FRB 20180911A—99.55084.62026.8221.25400.001972.601.90
FRB 20180915A—280.55017.91016.3371.02900.004926.203.20
FRB 20180915B—225.23025.02036.1177.12700.004923.801.00
FRB 20180916A—348.97080.33032.5296.02750.000984.502.50
FRB 20180916C—107.15045.08015.62252.87300.009832.101.10
FRB 20180917B—238.80077.53024.3857.03800.019668.303.20
FRB 20180918A—301.27064.96024.41453.98820.002954.101.30
FRB 20180919B—5.3405.94018.8560.22140.000983.001.20
FRB 20180920A—78.89028.29020.2555.66000.014758.504.80
FRB 20180920B—191.09063.52015.8463.40000.010811.700.53
FRB 20180921A—28.9205.05011.1394.37200.003932.301.60
FRB 20180922A—342.29069.67032.4555.68700.002957.705.50
FRB 20180923A—327.61071.92024.3219.43970.001971.200.70
FRB 20180923D—169.08048.75091.0329.39960.000982.201.30
FRB 20180923C—239.14022.85017.7173.98390.001971.370.55
FRB 20180924A—35.46037.52021.41116.54560.002953.501.20
FRB 20180925A—74.93077.99013.7237.74200.014758.704.40
FRB 20180925B—145.45020.99016.1667.86600.005902.701.10
FRB 20180928A—312.95030.85066.0252.76810.002952.500.97
FRB 20181012B—206.33064.15016.1715.18900.003931.440.51
FRB 20181013A—262.83038.41031.4309.30550.000983.501.20
FRB 20181013E—307.28069.02012.8345.29700.002952.030.53
FRB 20181013B—97.18052.04029.9277.50700.1199321.0011.00
FRB 20181013C—146.07034.10015.11005.76600.004921.640.88
FRB 20181014A—46.01063.33020.61314.88960.005902.701.50
FRB 20181014B—78.56014.66026.2887.97200.003931.880.59
FRB 20181014C—117.87041.59011.1752.16710.003931.480.55
FRB 20181014D—216.040-2.93013.9377.13200.0019718.0011.00
FRB 20181015A—175.76083.58013.3568.82310.001973.401.90
FRB 20181017B—237.76078.50018.6307.36900.012786.503.60
FRB 20181018B—336.82071.91051.3293.86700.000987.905.20
FRB 20181018A—17.03051.55012.91129.44900.031465.803.20
FRB 20181018C—67.15037.57041.7411.19270.000983.301.40
FRB 20181019B—37.87068.18010.9725.18400.002952.701.10
FRB 20181019C—244.70066.27016.2501.63560.001972.101.20
FRB 20181020A—322.62078.83012.21112.47300.012784.902.90
FRB 20181022C—141.56083.81014.2528.47300.003933.202.20
FRB 20181022D—179.18036.53052.1514.33430.001976.202.80
FRB 20181022E—221.18027.13018.8285.98600.002952.080.84
FRB 20181025A—105.78064.25020.8592.56440.001972.680.99
FRB 20181027A—131.900-4.24022.3727.74400.0059022.0015.00
FRB 20181030C—309.8303.99017.0668.76010.000985.503.60
FRB 20181030D—81.79016.07029.2289.44220.002955.901.90
FRB 20181030E—135.6708.89037.7159.69020.005906.303.90
FRB 20181101A—21.26053.88041.21472.67800.0304710.705.20
FRB 20181102A—87.22015.63011.9414.46490.000982.520.92
FRB 20181104Csub 1—77.05017.440101.3580.81760.0009820.705.70
FRB 20181104Csub 2—77.05017.440101.3580.81760.0009820.705.70
FRB 20181115A—142.98056.40025.2981.61300.004921.920.47
FRB 20181116A—36.0504.52035.9355.43300.001975.230.91
FRB 20181116B—232.66064.94025.8409.87600.003931.920.40
FRB 20181117C—53.21025.73036.01773.73870.003933.001.10
FRB 20181117A—147.73052.51013.5959.28000.005903.101.70
FRB 20181117Bsub 1—81.09079.99018.9538.20000.0078611.006.90
FRB 20181117Bsub 2—81.09079.99018.9538.20000.0078611.006.90
FRB 20181118A—20.650-6.41013.9557.40680.0039310.005.00
FRB 20181118B—58.28010.79019.5422.27710.003933.201.90
FRB 20181119B—299.38031.120150.9609.10080.0226194.0038.00
FRB 20181119E—16.36060.53011.31169.76800.002952.201.10
FRB 20181119C—190.10082.16040.7284.95940.000983.501.60
FRB 20181122A—60.04055.48014.9662.82100.002951.420.59
FRB 20181122B—281.08085.020122.9225.75550.0009822.0011.00
FRB 20181123A—300.76055.87019.7798.71800.001972.501.10
FRB 20181124B—318.56029.88033.8801.64460.003934.801.60
FRB 20181124A—175.98063.52010.31108.53200.004922.601.40
FRB 20181125Asub 1—147.94033.93034.5272.19000.014753.202.00
FRB 20181125Asub 2—147.94033.93034.5272.19000.014753.202.00
FRB 20181125Asub 3—147.94033.93034.5272.19000.014753.202.00
FRB 20181126A—262.05081.170111.0494.21680.001979.405.10
FRB 20181127A—243.80025.43027.6930.31700.003932.901.30
FRB 20181128B—157.22038.28017.2456.54800.005901.950.85
FRB 20181128D—215.62059.93055.3146.50120.001977.002.90
FRB 20181128Csub 1—268.77049.71022.2618.35000.014753.401.30
FRB 20181128Csub 2—268.77049.71022.2618.35000.014753.401.30
FRB 20181129A—355.12044.95034.7385.96840.002953.101.50
FRB 20181129B—307.56081.32025.7405.90500.001979.506.30
FRB 20181129C—233.38040.03023.1502.21580.004923.601.20
FRB 20181130A—355.19046.49043.7220.08960.000981.270.69
FRB 20181201A—214.96039.27043.6694.35600.1258318.906.50
FRB 20181201B—273.38056.31017.4876.57700.003932.240.90
FRB 20181202A—351.01017.36040.6667.95460.0068813.704.50
FRB 20181202B—202.83064.72020.1825.88340.004924.101.30
FRB 20181202C—307.13057.03019.0557.16040.007863.402.10
FRB 20181203A—33.60023.57029.4635.92550.002953.601.20
FRB 20181203B—47.31024.02035.4375.38710.003934.501.50
FRB 20181203C—198.48072.94022.52444.57000.011804.802.80
FRB 20181208A—264.43062.62029.7562.77700.004924.001.50
FRB 20181209A—98.16068.69047.4328.65570.001973.201.30
FRB 20181213A—127.66073.87021.6678.67200.002953.201.10
FRB 20181213B—183.52053.70016.3626.59300.004921.701.00
FRB 20181213C—216.40047.46015.0380.73600.002951.860.99
FRB 20181214A—70.00043.07045.2468.14800.002950.410.17
FRB 20181214B—138.79042.15013.31120.74600.002951.230.41
FRB 20181214C—175.93060.02039.9632.78490.005905.001.60
FRB 20181214D—178.57046.71028.51177.31900.016719.004.30
FRB 20181214F—252.62032.44020.22105.76000.008852.210.86
FRB 20181215A—93.38039.34011.8412.63200.004920.720.20
FRB 20181215B—254.81047.56029.8494.01420.001972.901.50
FRB 20181216A—306.28053.53015.7542.73760.001971.701.10
FRB 20181217A—290.50059.80015.81177.16660.002951.760.63
FRB 20181218A—5.06071.35030.81874.40600.005901.590.98
FRB 20181218B—18.04069.39014.9753.40500.002951.801.50
FRB 20181218C—285.98058.24013.5384.15300.004921.730.73
FRB 20181219B—180.79071.55043.01952.16600.0049227.0022.00
FRB 20181219C—17.77014.11027.7647.89100.002950.570.19
FRB 20181220A—346.11048.43040.1209.40170.002953.001.70
FRB 20181220B—277.37084.87024.7257.79940.001973.802.60
FRB 20181221A—230.58025.86078.8316.23700.004925.802.00
FRB 20181221B—306.31080.98052.11395.02100.002953.301.70
FRB 20181222B—90.04038.55012.7619.24780.001970.830.51
FRB 20181222C—131.05068.33017.51104.89200.003932.901.30
FRB 20181222D—188.20056.16020.21417.11000.022611.230.82
FRB 20181222Esub 1—50.64086.97036.7327.97970.003935.503.20
FRB 20181222Esub 2—50.64086.97036.7327.97970.003935.503.20
FRB 20181223B—174.89021.59021.3565.65500.008854.101.10
FRB 20181223C—181.05027.58028.3112.51180.001972.840.93
FRB 20181224A—355.11044.560104.1310.20640.001973.301.80
FRB 20181224B—45.36046.14022.4781.00870.008853.101.70
FRB 20181224C—115.29060.28026.9596.32500.029499.603.20
FRB 20181224D—182.45054.85012.8690.19600.003931.950.98
FRB 20181224Esub 1—239.3207.32042.1581.85370.0019710.304.90
FRB 20181224Esub 2—239.3207.32042.1581.85370.0019710.304.90
FRB 20181225B—36.77088.20027.6299.28750.002957.503.80
FRB 20181226C—349.05044.94025.3409.01840.003932.701.40
FRB 20181226D—120.22022.16034.7385.37780.001973.001.40
FRB 20181226Bsub 1—182.66012.430176.6287.03640.0019752.0017.00
FRB 20181226Bsub 2—182.66012.430176.6287.03640.0019752.0017.00
FRB 20181226Bsub 3—182.66012.430176.6287.03640.0019752.0017.00
FRB 20181226E—303.56073.64020.9308.76200.002951.350.77
FRB 20181227A—31.79078.38011.1791.21340.001971.820.91
FRB 20181228A—7.26010.22018.1748.67910.002954.002.10
FRB 20181228B—250.43063.85034.6568.65060.004921.670.77
FRB 20181228C—265.19054.36010.3510.70000.002950.740.25
FRB 20181229A—137.18042.01031.7955.57350.004924.001.30
FRB 20181229B—238.37019.78022.2389.04700.020644.903.40
FRB 20181230A—346.69083.37029.7769.61100.0344118.0010.00
FRB 20181230B—20.83079.70017.61137.36000.010819.704.80
FRB 20181230C—245.75050.52016.51037.19400.002952.101.20
FRB 20181230D—255.30050.51020.0223.96650.000982.001.20
FRB 20181230E—113.26086.85020.51041.71300.0108110.405.70
FRB 20181231A—29.71020.96039.31376.73240.002952.201.10
FRB 20181231B—128.77055.99055.1197.16970.002952.340.73
FRB 20181231C—197.09069.18027.7556.08600.001971.200.54
FRB 20190101A—171.01027.99033.0854.60900.0422711.303.40
FRB 20190101B—307.77029.89022.81323.90560.002954.402.50
FRB 20190102A—9.26026.72050.0699.17270.003934.201.70
FRB 20190102B—21.66021.39031.9367.16420.002953.901.70
FRB 20190103B—93.57019.73026.4541.12900.0314612.906.90
FRB 20190103C—104.19011.07034.21349.13300.0049213.407.10
FRB 20190103D—221.84059.91019.81913.55090.002951.170.44
FRB 20190103E—262.89045.84013.5736.24500.002952.001.10
FRB 20190104Asub 1—70.50035.59024.4549.43290.001973.901.90
FRB 20190104Asub 2—70.50035.59024.4549.43290.001973.901.90
FRB 20190104B—234.720-6.25012.8530.13700.005909.505.60
FRB 20190105A—266.30063.82010.5383.55100.008853.501.50
FRB 20190106A—22.19046.12012.7340.06100.006880.810.45
FRB 20190106B—335.63046.13077.2316.59410.001973.802.40
FRB 20190107A—0.86021.81015.0849.19000.047196.303.90
FRB 20190107B—33.45083.40026.8166.09390.000984.302.50
FRB 20190109Asub 1—107.9605.16015.4324.60400.013766.402.60
FRB 20190109Asub 2—107.9605.16015.4324.60400.013766.402.60
FRB 20190109B—253.4701.25014.0175.16800.006883.001.70
FRB 20190110A—64.95047.44063.0472.75260.002953.802.30
FRB 20190110B—131.68050.16018.8486.11800.008851.901.40
FRB 20190110C—246.98041.42028.3221.96100.002951.400.76
FRB 20190111Asub 1—217.00026.780131.7171.96820.0059017.007.20
FRB 20190111Asub 2—217.00026.780131.7171.96820.0059017.007.20
FRB 20190111Asub 3—217.00026.780131.7171.96820.0059017.007.20
FRB 20190111B—260.02013.53032.61336.92710.003930.780.28
FRB 20190112A—257.98061.20066.1425.84740.0098316.206.40
FRB 20190113A—108.140-2.99012.6428.92400.006885.603.40
FRB 20190114A—8.95019.17021.1887.39200.004922.301.40
FRB 20190115A—45.61054.28012.91021.68400.002950.950.56
FRB 20190115B—76.82082.06025.2748.29300.003935.203.10
FRB 20190116E—19.36052.32012.41491.00060.000981.120.75
FRB 20190116D—85.10068.68016.51164.02500.009834.701.70
FRB 20190116C—249.32070.960210.6629.27650.0029565.0026.00
FRB 20190116F—261.67075.00015.3316.92030.002951.540.62
FRB 20190117C—115.13074.59010.8865.90080.001970.790.22
FRB 20190117D—208.87031.68020.11178.06300.002953.501.50
FRB 20190118B—39.71023.57016.1670.89000.036373.620.99
FRB 20190118A—253.31011.550183.4225.10790.0019718.006.60
FRB 20190121A—354.74078.60045.8425.35340.0078610.806.30
FRB 20190122B—2.53035.1209.6469.56500.005901.750.76
FRB 20190122Csub 1—200.60017.570110.7689.90200.0147547.0030.00
FRB 20190122Csub 2—200.60017.570110.7689.90200.0147547.0030.00
FRB 20190122Csub 3—200.60017.570110.7689.90200.0147547.0030.00
FRB 20190122Csub 4—200.60017.570110.7689.90200.0147547.0030.00
FRB 20190122Csub 5—200.60017.570110.7689.90200.0147547.0030.00
FRB 20190122Csub 6—200.60017.570110.7689.90200.0147547.0030.00
FRB 20190122A—349.56037.50019.81231.21000.044245.702.80
FRB 20190124A—50.46051.58039.51275.85300.0235913.409.30
FRB 20190124B—214.69028.80041.1441.38380.0147511.704.40
FRB 20190124Csub 1—217.17028.380148.1303.64400.0137613.707.70
FRB 20190124Csub 2—217.17028.380148.1303.64400.0137613.707.70
FRB 20190124D—237.26081.23013.4340.12000.004921.901.10
FRB 20190124E—297.75020.57017.4617.79000.018687.304.90
FRB 20190124F—338.9205.30060.2254.79030.001976.403.20
FRB 20190125A—45.73027.81012.8564.70100.013762.601.20
FRB 20190125B—231.45050.54026.2178.23800.006884.702.70
FRB 20190127B—150.92083.56018.8663.02800.0678311.405.80
FRB 20190128A—21.80024.67016.5696.11700.006882.001.00
FRB 20190128B—127.44023.29021.4248.23020.001971.640.47
FRB 20190128C—69.80078.94017.5310.62200.015735.904.20
FRB 20190128D—283.32017.44015.5430.23100.004923.602.80
FRB 20190129A—45.06021.42018.8484.76100.008855.003.10
FRB 20190130A—25.64013.16012.61367.46100.014754.401.80
FRB 20190130B—172.11016.05065.4989.03070.003932.950.94
FRB 20190131E—195.65080.92050.7279.80060.000985.103.40
FRB 20190131Dsub 1—57.46022.75048.9642.12180.001976.803.70
FRB 20190131Dsub 2—57.46022.75048.9642.12180.001976.803.70
FRB 20190131C—166.45010.43021.7507.76180.000982.101.60
FRB 20190131B—354.72011.71017.11805.72900.001973.301.30
FRB 20190201B—118.20055.58030.8749.17600.002952.301.20
FRB 20190201A—64.03084.84015.4242.00380.000983.101.60
FRB 20190202B—114.32032.45026.6464.90600.000982.701.30
FRB 20190202A—344.20017.100236.3307.36050.0019795.0041.00
FRB 20190203B—130.64061.89012.6582.22480.002950.930.48
FRB 20190203A—133.68070.82061.9420.57270.003934.001.90
FRB 20190203C—196.0102.48012.5370.46200.003934.403.00
FRB 20190204A—161.33061.53013.8449.63900.007861.500.70
FRB 20190204B—255.92075.87037.11464.93930.002954.401.80
FRB 20190205A—342.22083.37018.6695.38900.002951.700.74
FRB 20190206C—200.45074.39020.21043.00200.005903.802.00
FRB 20190206B—49.76079.50017.7352.52000.019669.606.30
FRB 20190206A—244.8509.36043.5188.33640.005909.107.00
FRB 20190208B—91.00080.880165.2714.22010.0009814.306.30

1–250 of 506 rows

Downloads

Download Catalog 1

The complete catalog, with every burst and every column (version 210806.vFINAL). Raw data and every other file of the release are archived at CANFAR, where the DOI points.

Citation

How to cite

This data is provided by the CHIME/FRB Collaboration. When using this data, please cite the paper listed here.

Tutorials

Working with the data

Query Catalog 1 from your own code, read its files, or find guides to plotting the data.

Glossary

What each field means

Every field in Catalog 1, grouped by topic, with its unit and a short description. The smaller grey names are the field names used in the downloaded files.

55 columns in 10 groups

Identification4

ColumnUnitDescription
Burst nametns_nameNo unitTNS name of the burst
Previous nameprevious_nameNo unitPrevious name (if applicable)
Repeater namerepeater_nameNo unitAssociated repeater name (if applicable)
Sub-burst numbersub_numNo unitSub-burst number (0 for single-burst FRBs; otherwise, assigned in chronological order). The website numbers sub-bursts from 1.

Position6

ColumnUnitDescription
Right ascensionradegreesRight ascension (J2000)
Right ascension uncertaintyra_errdegreesRight ascension error (68% confidence)
DeclinationdecdegreesDeclination (J2000)
Declination uncertaintydec_errdegreesDeclination error (68% confidence)
Galactic longitudegldegreesGalactic longitude
Galactic latitudegbdegreesGalactic latitude

Detection and dispersion7

ColumnUnitDescription
Detection S/Nbonsai_snrNo unitDetection SNR
S/N (fitburst)snr_fitbNo unitSNR determined using the fitting algorithm fitburst
Detection dispersion measurebonsai_dmpc cm⁻³Detection DM
Dispersion measure (fitburst)dm_fitbpc cm⁻³DM determined using the fitting algorithm fitburst
Dispersion measure (fitburst) uncertaintydm_fitb_errpc cm⁻³DM error determined using the fitting algorithm fitburst
DM excess (NE2001)dm_exc_ne2001pc cm⁻³DM excess between DM determined by fitburst and NE2001 assuming the best-fit sky position of the source
DM excess (YMW16)dm_exc_ymw16pc cm⁻³DM excess between DM determined by fitburst and YMW16 assuming the best-fit sky position of the source

Arrival time4

ColumnUnitDescription
Arrival time, 400 MHzmjd_400MJDTime of arrival in UTC at CHIME location (topocentric) with reference to 400.19 MHz for the specific sub-burst
Arrival time, 400 MHz uncertaintymjd_400_errMJDTime of arrival in UTC at CHIME location (topocentric) error with reference to 400.19 MHz for the specific sub-burst
Arrival time, infinite frequencymjd_infMJDTime of arrival in UTC at CHIME location (topocentric) with reference to infinite frequency for the specific sub-burst
Arrival time, infinite frequency uncertaintymjd_inf_errMJDTime of arrival in UTC at CHIME location (topocentric) error with reference to infinite frequency for the specific sub-burst

Burst shape5

ColumnUnitDescription
Boxcar widthbc_widthsBoxcar width of the pulse
Width (fitburst)width_fitbsWidth of sub-burst using fitburst
Width (fitburst) uncertaintywidth_fitb_errsWidth error of sub-burst using fitburst
Scattering timescat_timesScattering time (at 600 MHz)
Scattering time uncertaintyscat_time_errsScattering time (at 600 MHz) error

Flux and spectrum11

ColumnUnitDescription
FluxfluxJyFlux
Flux uncertaintyflux_errJyFlux error
FluencefluenceJy msFluence
Fluence uncertaintyfluence_errJy msFluence error
Peak frequencypeak_freqMHzPeak frequency for the sub-burst
Lowest frequencylow_freqMHzLowest frequency band of detection for the sub-burst
Highest frequencyhigh_freqMHzHighest frequency band of detection for the sub-burst
Spectral indexsp_idxNo unitSpectral index for the sub-burst
Spectral index uncertaintysp_idx_errNo unitSpectral index error for the sub-burst
Spectral runningsp_runNo unitSpectral running for the sub-burst
Spectral running uncertaintysp_run_errNo unitSpectral running error for the sub-burst

Exposure and fluence thresholds8

ColumnUnitDescription
Exposure, upper transitexp_uphourExposure for upper transit of the source
Exposure, upper transit uncertaintyexp_up_errhourExposure error for upper transit of the source
Exposure, lower transitexp_lowhourExposure for lower transit of the source
Exposure, lower transit uncertaintyexp_low_errhourExposure error for lower transit of the source
Fluence threshold, lower transit (68%)low_ft_68Jy msLower limit fluence threshold (68% confidence)
Fluence threshold, upper transit (68%)up_ft_68Jy msUpper limit fluence threshold (68% confidence)
Fluence threshold, lower transit (95%)low_ft_95Jy msLower limit fluence threshold (95% confidence)
Fluence threshold, upper transit (95%)up_ft_95Jy msUpper limit fluence threshold (95% confidence)

Fit quality3

ColumnUnitDescription
Chi-squaredchi_sqNo unitChi-squared from fitburst
Degrees of freedomdofNo unitNumber of degrees of freedom in fitburst
Fraction of channels flaggedflag_fracNo unitFraction of spectral channels flagged in fitburst

Flags1

ColumnUnitDescription
Excluded from inference flagexcluded_flagNo unitFlag for bursts excluded from the population analyses in the Catalog 1 paper (1 = excluded, 0 = included)

Notes6

ColumnUnitDescription
Right ascension notesra_notesNo unitNotes on the right ascension
Declination notesdec_notesNo unitNotes on the declination
Upper transit exposure notesexp_up_notesNo unitNotes on the upper transit exposure
Lower transit exposure notesexp_low_notesNo unitNotes on the lower transit exposure
Flux notesflux_notesNo unitNotes on the flux
Flux and fluence notesfluence_notesNo unitNotes on the fluence